Enameling: Principles and Practice

I A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENAMELING Greek enamels - Celtic enamels - Byzantine enamels - German enamels - French enamels - Enameled portraits - English enamels - Russian enamels - Chinese and Japanese enamels - English revival in 1864 - Viennese school - Enameling in AmericaII HOW ENAMELS ARE COMPOUNDED AND ENAMEL ING TOOLS AND MATERIALS Types of enamels - Silica - Oxide of lead - Borax - Potash and soda - Oxides of metal - Materials - Kilns - Tools - Gum tragacanth III MAKING THE FIRST PIECE OF ENAMEL Shaping the copper - Trimming - Cleaning - Acid bath - Alkalizing - Washing the enamel - Applying the counter enamel - Firing the enamel - Tracing the design - Spatula method - Dusting method - Deep bowls - Warping - Blowtorch firing IV TESTING THE COLORS, THE USE OF METAL FOILS AND THE INDIVIDUAL PALETTEOpaque tests - Metal foils - Transparent tests on copper - Transparent tests on pure silver - Enameling on sterling silver - Test for melting point - Palette V CHARACTERISTICS OF CERTAIN ENAMELSBlack - White - Gray - Flux - Blue - Green - Brown - Red - Purple - Chartreuse - Yellow - Ivory VI MAKING LIMOGES ENAMELS Preparing the plaque - Counter enamel the plaque - Designing the plaque - Transferring the design - First coat of enamel - Paillons for plaque - Grisaille enameling - Detail painting - Metallic lustersVII MAKING CLOISONNE ENAMELS BY THE OLDER TECHNIQUE AND A MODERN VERSIONForming panels - Cleaning the gold - Wire for cloisonne - Soldering cloisonne wires - Applying the enamel - Firing cloisonne - Stoning process - Shorter cloisonne methodVIII MAKING CHAMPLEVÉ, PLIQUE-A-JOUR, BASSE TAILLE AND OTHER TYPES OF ENAMELS Design for champleve - Plating - Preparing the copper - Etching with acid - Enamels for champleve - Buffing and polishing - Plique-a-jour process - Plique-a-jour on copper plate - Plique-a-jour on mica - Plique-a-jour by capillary attraction - Applying the enamel - Basse-taille process - Grisaille process - En resille process IX DESIGN FOR ENAMELING AND THE UNDERSTANDING AND FEELING FOR THE MEDIUM OF ENAMELINGScale - Vibration - Edges - Stress - Subject matter X EXPERIMENTS, SUGGESTIONS FOR NEW USES OF ENAMEL AND EARNING A LIVING BY ENAMELING EXPERIMENT 1 - Enameled jewels EXPERIMENT 2 - Gas flame colorations EXPERIMENT 3 - Enameling over fire glaze EXPERIMENT 4 - Overglaze shading EXPERIMENT 5 - The thin enameled line EXPERIMENT 6 - The embossed line EXPERIMENT 7 - Sgraffito technique EXPERIMENT 8 - Enameling on brass EXPERIMENT 9 - Textures with glassAPPENDIX Materials for Enameling and Where to Buy Them - Contemporary American Enamelists - Tables of Information Useful to the Enamelist - Where to Find Information on How to Color Copper GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX